1. Люди, которые занимаются физкультурой, обычно очень здоровые. Пароход, специально построенный для прокладывания пути сквозь лед, называется ледоколо

1. Put the box on the shelf. 2. I have hurt my foot. 3. This is an English dictionary. 4. Where is the knife? 5. This factory has a good laboratory.

1. Who (m) does this money belong to? 2. He has made progress in English. 3. This year fruit is very cheap. 4. The sledge is standing at the gate. 5. His clothes are quite new. 6. His wages are very high. 7. A glass works is not far from this place.

1. Can you tell me how to get to … theatre? Go, straight down … street until you come to … bridge. Then turn to … right and you will see … large white building. That is … theatre. 2. He brought … books from … library. 3. … department store is … shop where all kinds of … things are sold. 4. I know … students of that institute. 5. I want to write … letter to my sister. Have you … fountain pen? 6. How brilliantly … stars shine! 7. … low stone wall separated … house from … road. 8. He asked … teacher … question.

1. The voice of he sister. 2. The orders of the Commander-In-Chief. 3. The pages of the book. 4. The watch of my friend Peter. 5. The birthday of my daughter Helen. 6. The parent of all the other boys.

5) Перевести на английский язык

1. Люди, которые занимаются физкультурой, обычно очень здоровые. 2. Пароход, специально построенный для прокладывания пути сквозь лед, называется ледоколом. 3. Дом, который строится на наш6ей улице, будет одним из самых высоких домов в Москве. 4. В прошлом году, когда я был в Крыму, я познакомился с одним писателем. Писатель, который был высокообразованным человеком и много путешествовал по России, часто рассказывал нам о жизни людей в различных частях нашей страны.

1. A large group of experts was invited to give their opinion the problem of "what is ahead of the automotive industry?". They were asked to cover two basic areas: technical improvements and environmental and energy problems.

All experts agree that automotive industry is now going rough a change period. According to the survey of opinions during the last few years the idea has developed that faster not necessarily better, which greatly influences the technology of the car. The idea of speed limitation makes itself felt general economic and political structure. But experts believe that despite environmental and sociological considerate an interesting future lies ahead for the automotive industry.

2. An improved version of the electric car will be technically perfected and economically possible and in widespread use by 2000. Success of this application depends on development of light weight battery, capable of being recharged quickly, and the availability of electric energy. A hybrid system where electric batteries for city driving would be recharged in highway driving with gasoline fuel is an alternative to the totally electrical system.

3. Automobile computers, now used in some cars to locate engine problems, will be economically possible as a standard feature by the end of the century. This device should substantially reduce time for servicing. Another electronically controlled system now being adopted is fuel injection.

Automatic control of automobiles and trucks on highway is expected to be a possibility in the next decade, but not a practical reality until the middle of the 21st century.

1. I like his new play. 2. The roof of the house was covered with snow. 3. The wife of the sailor came to the shore. 4. A copy of the contract was sent to Leningrad. 5. The cargo of the steamer consists of different raw materials.

1. These goods have just arrived. 2. The exports of these goods have greatly increased. 3. The contents of his letter was unexpected. 4. In this article you will find the figures of Italian exports and imports for the past three mouths. 5. The firm stated that a license was required for the export of these goods. 6. We have received some important information on the state of the wool market.

1. He received … letters from Leningrad yesterday. 2. Are there … pictures in this magazine? 3. He is reading “An American Tragedy” … novel by Theodore Dreiser. 4. … door opened and … man entered … room. He was … man of about 50 years of age 5. … lion is … large powerful animal. 6. There are many schools for … blind in our country. 7. Petrov, … captain of … s.s. :Minsk”, is … very good seaman. 8. … telegram was addressed to G. D. Ivanov, … Chairman of Sojuzimport.

1. The new club of the workers. 2. The poems of Lermontov. 3. The clothes of he boys. 4. The walls of the room. 5. The plays of Shakespeare.

5) Перевести на английский язык

1. В своем докладе он упомянул цифры, которые ясно иллюстрируют быстрое развитие нашей промышленности. 2. Человек, который хочет овладеть иностранным языком, должен работать очень усердно и систематически. 3. Документы, указывающие количество, род и вес груза, отправленного из Киева, получены банком. 4. Я только что прочел рассказ, который мне очень понравился. 5. Рассказ, который я только что прочел, очень интересный. 6. Вчера я разговаривал с директором, который сказал мне, что он поможет мне в этом деле.

1. A large group of experts was invited to give their opinion the problem of "what is ahead of the automotive industry?". They were asked to cover two basic areas: technical improvements and environmental and energy problems.

All experts agree that automotive industry is now going rough a change period. According to the survey of opinions during the last few years the idea has developed that faster not necessarily better, which greatly influences the technology of the car. The idea of speed limitation makes itself felt general economic and political structure. But experts believe that despite environmental and sociological considerate an interesting future lies ahead for the automotive industry.

2. An improved version of the electric car will be technically perfected and economically possible and in widespread use by 2000. Success of this application depends on development of light weight battery, capable of being recharged quickly, and the availability of electric energy. A hybrid system where electric batteries for city driving would be recharged in highway driving with gasoline fuel is an alternative to the totally electrical system.

3. Automobile computers, now used in some cars to locate engine problems, will be economically possible as a standard feature by the end of the century. This device should substantially reduce time for servicing. Another electronically controlled system now being adopted is fuel injection.

Automatic control of automobiles and trucks on highway is expected to be a possibility in the next decade, but not a practical reality until the middle of the 21st century.

1. The last leaf fell from the tree. 2. This story is very long. 3. The speech was very interesting. 4. He left the key on the table. 5. Where is the brush?

1. We eat a lot of fruit in summer. 2. His hair is quite dark. 3. I bought this watch (or clock) in Leningrad. It is very good. 4. I couldn't enter the garden as the gate was closed. 5. This news is very interesting. 6. Your advice has helped me greatly.

1. Has … postman come yet? I am expecting … letter from my father. 2. … captain ordered … crew to unload … vessel. 3. My brother can drive … car. 4. I got … interesting book from our library. … librarian said that I could keep if only for … week as … teacher of English also wanted it. 5. How can you say such … things? 6. There is … meeting in … conference hall this evening. 7. When … inooh passes between … earth and … sun, … eclipse results. 8. There is … red book and … green book on … fable, in … dining room. Will you bring me … green one, please?

1. The boats of the fishermen. 2. The opinion of the lawyer. 3. The signature of Mr. Brown. 4. The offer of the seller. 5. The conclusions of the expert. 6. The house of my father-in-law.

1. Прошлым летом мы жили в деревне, расположенной на берегу Волги, в маленьком домике, окруженном большим садом. 2. Дом, в котором мы жили летом, был окружен большим садом. 3. Вчера я разговаривал с человеком, который провел несколько лет в Китае. 4. Я не помню цифр, которые он упомянул в своем докладе.

1. A large group of experts was invited to give their opinion the problem of "what is ahead of the automotive industry?" They were asked to cover two basic areas: technical improvements and environmental and energy problems.

All experts agree that automotive industry is now going rough a change period. According to the survey of opinions during the last few years the idea has developed that faster not necessarily better, which greatly influences the technology of the car. The idea of speed limitation makes itself felt general economic and political structure. But experts believe that despite environmental and sociological considerate an interesting future lies ahead for the automotive industry.

2. An improved version of the electric car will be technically perfected and economically possible and in widespread use by 2000. Success of this application depends on development of light weight battery, capable of being recharged quickly, and the availability of electric energy. A hybrid system where electric batteries for city driving would be recharged in highway driving with gasoline fuel is an alternative to the totally electrical system.

3. Automobile computers, now used in some cars to locate engine problems, will be economically possible as a standard feature by the end of the century. This device should substantially reduce time for servicing. Another electronically controlled system now being adopted is fuel injection.

Automatic control of automobiles and trucks on highway is expected to be a possibility in the next decade, but not a practical reality until the middle of the 21st century.

Вариант №1

1. 
   We tried to speak … him, but he did not want to listen … us. He did not even look … us and did not answer … our questions.
   
2. 
   Your brother complains … you. He says you always laugh … him, never speak … him and never answer … his questions.
   
3. 
   When I entered … the room, everybody looked … me surprise: they had not waited … me.
   
4. 
   At the end … the street she tutned … the corner, walked … the bus stop and began waiting … the bus.
   
5. 
   My mother is afraid … rats.
   

1. 
   When morning came, the storm already (to stop), but the show still (to fall).
   
2. 
   Ysterday by eight o’clock he (to finish) all his homework, and when I (to come) to his place at nine, he (to read).
   
3. 
   I (to wait) for permission to go aroad for three weeks already, but I (not to receive) the visa yet.
   
4. 
   Everybody (to be) at the door of the museum, but my friend (not yet to come).
   
5. 
   We (to drink) tea when the telephone (to ring).
   
6. 
   Johnny noticed that everybody (to look) at him, and he (to feel) shy.
   
7. 
   Light (to travel) more quikly than sound.
   

The flowers are watered in the evening (by Mother).

1. 
   Irene’s husband bought her some beautiful shells from the south/
   
2. 
   The explorers gave the newspaper reporters a long interview.
   
3. 
   Mr. Wilson will teach you English.
   
4. 
   The doctor ordered me a month’s rest from studying.
   
5. 
   Tom gave Nick a book for his birthday.
   
6. 
   Our mother tells us stories every evening.
   

1. 
   The steamer may arrive tomorrow morning.
   
2. 
   Some mistakes must have been made in assembling the parts of the machine.
   
3. 
   Such defects may easily lead to a serious breakdown of the machine.
   
4. 
   The pressure of the ice must have caused considerable damage to the vessel’s hull.
   
5. 
   If the steamer had not been delayed at the port of loading, she could have reached Odessa by January 15.
   

The word automobile is not English. It consists of two words: autos and mobilis. Autos is a Greek word meaning “self”, mobilis-a Latin word meaning “movable”. The two words taken together mean “self-moving”. Thus, an automobile means a self-moving venicle. The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, moto-car.

The role and importance of an automobile arise from the that it can move along roads unprovoked with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a tailway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of trasportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a venicle well adapted for ordinary road conditions.

The automobile has long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the word at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.

The development of automobiles is also accountable toa large extent for the progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.
Answer the questions.

What is the origon of the word automobile?

What fact does the role and importance of the automobile arise from?

Контрольная работа №2

Вариант № 2
1.Вставьте предлоги,где необходимо.

1.”What do you complain…?

2. Don’t enter…the room.

3. What are you laughing …?

4. They did not want to listen…me.

5. Wait…me. I’ll be back…a few minutes.

6. Yesterday the teacher spoke…us about the architecture…St.Petersburg.

7. My grand-mother often complains…headache.

1. We could not out because it (to rain) hard since early morning.

2. She (to reach) at our school for twenty years now.

3. Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home.

4. He (to begin) to write his composition at three o’clock. It is already eleven, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by twenty.

5. We (to help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for three days already we (to arrange) only half the books.

6. What you (to do) when I (come) in?

7. When I (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hour before.

E.g. Mother waters the flowers in the evening.

The flowers are watered in the evening (by Mother)

1. 
   Lydia will shown you a new book of pictures.
   
2. 
   A boy showed her the way.
   
3. 
   They will send us a box of fruit.
   
4. 
   Five or six small children followed them.
   
5. 
   In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields.
   
6. 
   Ivan Susanin led the Poles into the thickest part of the forest.
   
7. 
   The waves carried the boat away.
   
8. 
   We shall do the translation in the evening.
   

1. 
   The sellers stated that the goods ought to have been examined at the port of loading.
   
2. 
   The expert pointed out that the goods must have been in a bad condition already at the time of dispatch.
   
3. 
   The expert admits that the goods may have been damaged in transit.
   
4. 
   The manufactures informed the buyers that they could deliver the machines within four month.
   
5. 
   Please inform us when you could deliver the goods.
   

One of the earliest attempts to provel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer. Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles per hour.

In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In his vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and a gearbox.

In 1825 a stream engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of motor car lagged because of the restriction resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.

In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: « When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted. »
Is the motor car a product of a single inventor?

When was the first self-propelled vehicle constructed?

What elements did the Russian inventor Kulibin use for the first time in his vehicle?

Did the progress of motor cars meet with great opposition?

1. 
   I am sorry, I cannot speak … you now, the professor is waiting … me. I must go … the institute and explain … him some details … our work. Come … the evening, I shall listen … you very attentively and answer all your questions.
   

2. 
   Turn the corner … the house and look … the flowers grown … my mother: aren't they beautiful?
   

3. 
   He was an excellent pupil, and the teachers never complained … him.
   

2. 
   Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык .
   

1. 
   Our train (to start) late in the evening, so if you to come at seven o' clock, we still (to pack) our luggage.
   
2. 
   When (to see) you him last?
   
3. 
   I (to meet) him when he was (to walk) across the park.
   
4. 
   You ever (to act) on the stage? - Yes, of course, that's what I (to do) for the last six years.
   
5. 
   (Not to enter) the bedroom! The child (to sleep) there, and he always (to wake up) when somebody (to open) the door.
   
6. 
   Where (to be) your luggage? - I (to leave) it at the station. I (to take) it tomorrow when Nick (to came) to help me.
   
7. 
   I (to read) about an hour when he (to come).
   

E.g. Mother waters the flowers in the evening.

The flowers are watered in the evening (by Mother)
1. They water the flower regularly.

2. You promised me these books long ago.

3. Bessie's father gave her a complete set of Walter Scott's works.

4. The marble pavilion protected the house.

5.Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence.

6. Her daughters gave her as a birthday present three beautiful dishes.

1. 
   The agents telegraphed to the shippers that the steamer might arrive in Odessa on May 15.
   
2. 
   The goods were packed in strong boxes so that they might withstand oversea transport.
   
3. 
   The open hatch must have allowed some water to penetrate into the hold during the storm.
   
4. 
   We had the cover the bags with tarpaulin, otherwise they could have been wetted by the rain.
   
5. 
   Переведите письменно текст и напишите ответы на вопросы.
   

Driver,Vehicle,and Road

To provide a safe and efficient transportation system, it is necessary that all of these three components should function in a well coordinated manner.

Driver. Studies have shown that 86% of the serios accidents are caused by drivers.

Vehicle. This component also plays a vital part in determining safety on roads. An unsafe vehicle is a source of constant danger in a road transportation system.

Road. To ensure maximum safety for the transporation system, it is necessary to plan and desing highways on sound engineering techniques.

Modern roads. Modern roads should possess the following principal features. They should be designed according to the anticipated volume and speed of the traffic. Bends and gradients should be well lit. Hedge and tree planting on the road sides should provide a pleasant and interesting outlook to avoid monotony and boredom.

Road construction. In modern road construction, there is much greater recornition of the importance of the subsoil beneath a road. It is regarded as an integral part of the road. In case of mechanical stabilizatoin granual or cohesive materials are added to the subsoil. In dry climates it is necessary to add substances helping to retain sufficient moisture.

Stabilization can be carred out by adding substances that harden the soil, and greatly increase its compressive strength. The constantly increasing volume of modern traffic involnes the construction of numerous auxiliary structyres, such as bridges, flyovers, tunnels, and underpasses. It is mainly these structures that will present problems for the engineers.

What are the three main components of transportation?

What will happen if any one of these components fails?

What is necessary to provide a safe and efficient transportation system?

Which is the most important component?

What should be made to obtain maximum highways safety?

What should be made to avoid monotony and boredom on roads?

What role does the subsoil play in the modern road construction?

Контрольная работа №3
Вариант 1

1.Замените придаточные предложения оборотами с герундием, поставив где требуется, соответствующий предлог:

1.Do you mind my closing the window? 2.The doctor insisted on my staying at home. 3.Will you object to me smoking here? 4.There is a probability of his being appointed chief ingineer at our plant.

1.While crossing the bridge, we saw D. talking with an old man. Переходя мост, мы увидели товарища Д., разговаривающего с каким-то стариком. 2. Being very tired, we refused to go for a walk. Будучи очень усталыми, мы отказались идти гулять. 3. Having been climbed the mountains the summer before the boys understood the difficulties. Взбираясь в горы прошлым летом, мальчики поняли как это трудно. 4. A large branch, broken by the wind, lay across the road. Большая ветка, сломанная ветром, лежала поперек дороги.

1,He is known to be a great book-lover. Известно, что он большой любитель книг. 2.The members of the committee were expected to come to an agreement. Ожидали, что члены комитета придут к соглашению. 3.Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire. Многие здания, как сообщали, были повреждены огнем. 4. The delegation is reported to have left London. Сообщают, что делегация выехала из Лондона.

1.You are always the last to arrive. 2. She is never late. 3.Have you ever seen him? 4.Have you spoken to him yet? 5. The teacher has not come yet. 6. I often write to him, but he seldom answers my letters. 7. The fire was extinguished quickly.

1. How well does he speak English?

2. When did I study history?

3.Why did my friend come home late?

4. What shall I write you?

5. Where do we play football?

6. What book did I read last week?
6. Переведите текст письменно.
The engine

The word engine originally meant any ingenious device, and came from the Greek word ingenious, clever. Any kind of vehicle must be able to move. The ability to move demands power. A machine that produces mechanical power or energy is called an engine or a power plant.

Engines present one of the most interesting groups of problems considered in the engineering field. One of the main problems is receiving the maximum possible power or thrust forlfninimum weight. The weight is included in the factor called the weight/power ratio, which may be defined as the weight in pounds per horse power output.

Another important problem is that of fuel. Both in the past and today the designers work at the problem of getting lower specific fuel consumption. Specific fuel consumption is obtained by dividing the weight of the fuel burned per hour by the horse power developed.

Another possible problem considered in any engine is its flexibility. Flexibility is the ability of the engine to run smoothly and perform properly at all speeds and through all variations of atmospheric conditions.

One more important problem worked at by the designers is the engine reliability. The engine is to have along life, with maximum of time between overhaul periods. On some cases the problem of balance is one of the main. Balance has several possible meanings but the principle factor is freedom from vibration. Besides any engine must be started easily and carry its full load in a few minutes.

1. There is no chance of there calling on us tonight. 2. There is no possibility of our seeing him this week. 3. There is no hope of your receiving a letter from him soon. 4. We were informed of the ship having arrived at the port.

1.Having been warned that the river was rising rapidly, they turned back. Предупрежденные о быстром поднятии уровня воды в реке, они повернули обратно. 2. A person who brings good news is always welcome. Человек , приносящий хорошие известия всегда является желанным. 3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself. Катаясь вчера на коньках, он упал и ушибся.

1. This book seems to be very popular with children. Эта книга, кажется, очень популярна среди детей. 2. She seems to know French well. Она,кажется, хорошо знает французский язык 3. He happened to be at home at that time. Случилось так, что он был дома в это время. 4. The house appears to have been built in the eighteenth century.Этот дом, по-видимому, был построен в восемнадцатом столетии.

1. It was late in the day, and the sun had almost disappeared. 2. He is already seven years old. 3. I do not think he has ever played so badly before. 4. I will never forget it. 5. Have you been there lately?

1. Where did you work two years ago?

2. What will you give me tomorrow?

3. Whom did he ask many questions?

4. How often do the students go to school?

5. When shall we meet?

6. Why was I very busy on Wednesday?

7. How does he go to school?

The efficiency of the diesel engine is greater than that of any petrol engine and in actual engines today is slightly over 40 per cent. Diesels are in general slow speed engines with crankshaft speeds of 100 to 750 revolutions per minute as compared to 2,500 to 5.000 rmp for typical petrol engines. Some types of diesel however have speeds up to 2000rpm.Because diesels use compression ratios of 14 or more they are generally more heavily built than petrol engines but this disadvantage is counterbalanced by their greater efficiency and the fact that they can be operated on less expensive fuel.

1.You will excuse my asking you again. 2. We insisted on his coming with us. 3. Would you mind his coming to your lecture? 4. I have heard of your son s having been awarded the Order of the Red Banner. 5. There is no fear of my forgetting.

1. At a conference of the Academy of Sciences being held in Moscow, a number of important scientific problem are being discussed. На конференции Академии наук организованной в Москве, обсуждался ряд важных научных проблем. 2. Being crossed the bridge he saw a small village which was situated at the foot of a hill. Переходя по мосту, он увидел маленькую деревню, расположенную у подножья холма. 3. I will show you the article written by me brother. Я покажу вам статью, написанную моим братом. 4. Having been taught English by a good teacher , he knew the English language well. Обучившись английскому у хорошего учителя, он хорошо знал английский.

1. The ship was reported to have arrived in Odessa. Пароход , как сообщили, прибыл в Одессу 2. This mine is considered to be the best in the district. Считают, что эта шахта самая лучшая в районе. 3. The expedition is said to have reached Vladivostok. Говорят, что экспедиция приехала во Владивосток.

1.I am deeply indebted to you help. 2. I will always be glad to visit you. 3. He answered our questions impatiently. 4. We always try to work well. 5. I have often heard of it. 6. He never gets up before half past eight.

1. How many mistakes does my friend make?

2. When did you finish school?

3. Where did my friend serve in the Army?

4. Whose parents work at the same factory?

5. How many questions did my teacher answer?

6. What kind of music is he fond of?
6. Перевести текст письменно.

The Clutch

Some type of clutch is found in every car. The clutch may be operated by means of a foot pedal, or it may be automatic or semi-automatic. The friction clutch and the fluid coupling are the two basic varieties. The function clutch, which depends on solid contact between engine and transmission, consists of: the rear face of the flywheel; the driving plate, mounted to rotate with the flywheel; and the driven plate, between the other two. When the clutch is engaged, the driving plate presses the driven plate against the rear face of the flywheel. Engine power is then delivered through the contacting surfaces to the transmission.

Fluid coupling maybe used either with or without the friction clutch. When it is the sole means of engaging the engine to the transmission, power is delivered exclusively through an oil medium without any contact of solid parts. In this type, known as a fluid drive, an engine-driven, fan-bladed disc, known as the fluid flywheel, agitates the oil with sufficient force to rotate a second disc that is connected to the transmission. As the rotation of the second disc directly depends on the amount of engine power delivered, the prime result of fluid coupling is an automatic clutch action, which greatly simplifies the requirements for great shifting.


КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4

Вариант 2

1. She asked him, "Have the children returned from school?" 2. He asked me,

1. Не is the most interesting man that I have ever met. 2. There are over sight hundred theatres in the Soviet Union which give their performances in fifty different Soviet languages. 3. A receipt which is signed by the captain for the goods taken on board is called a bill of lading. 4. A public sale at which goods are sold to the highest bidder is called an auction. 5. That is the only book by Galsworthy that he has not read. 6. I said nothing which made him still more furious.

1 .If I had been in your place, I not (say) this. 2. We shan't go out unless it (to stop) raining. 3. You will not have better health unless you (take) better care of yourself. 4. I (come) if I had time. 5. He would leave Moscow to-night if he (get) the necessary documents. 6. I not (catch) cold, if I had worn my overcoat. 7. I would drive to the country if the weather (be) fine.

1. Не works at his English card. (I knew). 2. She dances better than anybody

else. (I was told). 3. Mv cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt). 4. She will come to stay with us. (My aunt wrote in her letter). 5. He is

painting a new picture. (We heard). 6. His new picture will be a masterpiece. (We

By suitable design it is possible to operate a diesel as a two-stroke or two-cycle engine with a power stroke every other stroke of the piston instead of once every four strokes. The efficiency of such engines is less than that of four-stroke engines, and therefore the power of a two-stroke engine is always less then half that of a four-stroke engine of comparable size.

The general principle of the two-stroke engine is to shorten the periods in which fuel is introduced to the combustion chamber and in which the spent gases are exhausted to a small fraction of the duration of a stroke instead of allowing each of these operations to occupy a full stroke.

In the simplest type of two-stroke engine, the valves are the openings in the cylinder wall that are uncovered by the piston at the end of its outward travel. In the two-stroke cycle the fuel mixture or air is introduced through the intake port when the piston is fully withdrawn from the cylinder. The compression stroke follows and the charge is ignited when the piston reaches the end of this stroke. The piston then moves outward on the power stroke, uncovering the exhaust port and permitting the gases to escape from the combustion chamber.

Вариант 3

l. He asked her, "Why can't you answer this question at once?" 2. She asked me, "Would you like to see the garden?" 3.1 asked him, "What will you do if you miss the train?" 4. He asked the manager, "At what price were the two cargoes of wheat sold yesterday?" 5. He asked me, "Do you think that the weather will change?" 6. He asked the buyer, "When do you want the goods to be shipped?" 7.1 asked him, "Is it possible to charter a steamer for loading at the end of the month?" 8.1 asked him, "When will you open the letter of credit"

l. My father who is an old sailor often tells me stories about the sea. 2. This is the reason why I can't do it. 3.1 live in the house the top of which can be seen over the trees. 4. This is the same story that I heard ten years ago. 5. She was met о.л her arrival by a man whose face she had never seen before. 6.1 gave him fifty roubles which was all I had with me.

1 .If it (rain) on Sunday, I shall stay at home. 2. I should have called you up yesterday if I (be) in town. 3. If the goods had been loaded quickly, we (receive) them in time. 4. If you had arrived a little earlier, you (find) me there. 5. If he (be) here, he would answer you. 6. We shall be very sorry if he not (call) on us to-night. 7. If he had not lost his spectacles, he (be able) to finish this work in time.

1. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped). 2. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought). 3. She knows English very well. (I supposed). 4. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure). 5. He does not know German at all. (I found out)^6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad).

The mixture of air and petrol vapour delivered to the cylinder from the carburettor is compressed by the first upstroke of the piston. This heats the gas, and the higher temperature and pressure facilitate ignition and quick combustion. The next operation is that of igniting the charge by a spark plug. One electrode is insulated by porcelain or mica; the other is grounded through the metal of the plug, and both form part of the secondary circuit of an induction system.

The principal type of ignition now commonly used is the battery-and-coil system. The current from the battery flows through the coil and magnetizes the iron core. When this circuit is interrupted at the distributor points by the interrupter cam, a current is produced in the primary coil with the assistance of the condenser. This induces a high-voltage current in the secondary winding. This secondary high voltage is needed to cause the spark to jump the gap in the spark plug. The spark is directed to the proper cylinder by the distributor, which connects the secondary coil to the spark plugs in the several cylinders in their proper firing sequence. The interrupter cam and distributor are driven from the same shaft, the number of breaking points on the interrupter cam being the same as the number of cylinders.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №4

Вариант 1

l. He has just asked me, "Who will come to the cinema with me?" 2. He has asked me, "Will you be at home to-night?" 3. He has just asked me, "Is it time to go?" 4. He asked me, "Where are you going?" 5. She asked me, "Does he always come so late?" 6. He asked her, "How did you do that?" 7. He asked me, "Is it raining?"

l. The building which you can see over there is very old. 2. His first book which was written in 1925 was a story of the sea. 3.1 don't know the exact place where it happened. 4. The news that he was coming reached us early in the evening. 5. This is the book you need.

1. I should come and see you off if I not (live) so far away. 2. If I had the money, I (buy) that overcoat. 3. They not (go) to-morrow if it rains. 4. If you (stay) here a little longer, you will see him. 5. I should be disappointed if they not (come). 6. If we had no luggage, we (walk) home.

1. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid). 2. My friend has never been to Washington. (I knew). 3. She never drinks milk. (I was told). 4. He is a very talented singer. (We were told). 5. They live a happy life. (We knew). 6. The children are playing in theyard. (She thought).

The greatest number of cars use piston engines. The four-cycle piston engine requires four strokes of the piston per cycle. The first downstroke draws in the petrol mixture. The first upstroke compresses it. The second downstroke -the power stroke-following the combustion of the fuel, supplies the power, and the second upstroke evacuates the burned gases. Intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder control the intake of fuel and the release of burned gases. At the end of the power stroke the pressure of the burned gases in the cylinder is 2.8 to 3.5 kg/sq cm. These gases escape with the sudden opening of the exhaust valve. They rush to a silencer (muffler), an enlarged section of piping containing expanding ducts and perforated plates through which the gases expand and are released into the atmosphere.